Programming Languages
A Categorical List of programming languages
A Programming languages is the formal language, with a set of instructions
which provides the desired output. For implementation of these languages various algorithms in our
machines were started using these Programming languages. Theset of specific
instructions are used in programmable machines or general programming
languages. The Computer programming languages are used to communicate with a
computer. Each Programming language is based on certain syntactic
and semantic rules.
Computers only work with digital representation they only understand the presence
of a 0 or 1 as off or on,to communicate with the computers we have to give
the instruction in Binary which is nearly impossible. That is where comes the
programming language to save us, we wrote the instructions in English following
some general syntactical rules of a programming language and later this
transformed into the machine code by some process and tells the computer to do
some specific operation and produce a desired output.
Every day the rising demands for computing power and productivity was the
key factor for the development of more powerful, cheaper, and faster business
machines, supercomputers, and various programmed devices. With the variety of
applications and types of computers, every time there arises a need for
specific programming languages to complete specific tasks. A complete list of all types of programming languages is given below. The strict classification scheme for of programming languages is not possible. Thus, a
language as an example of more than one programming language.
Let’s Understand these programming languages one by one in a comprehensive way. As you know the list is
very large so it is impossible to discuss all of these in detail. So Here I’m
writing the brief introduction with example for all of these various
programming languages.
1. Compiled
Languages:
A compiled language is a programming language in which we use a compiler to
compile and execute our code. These compilers are generally translators that
generate machine level code from our written source code.
Example:
o
C
o
C++
o
C#
o
ALGOL
o
Cobol
o
Fortran
o
Java
o
Visual
Basic
o
Smalltalk
2. Interpreted
Languages:
An interpreted language is a programming language in which without compiling a
program into machine-language instructions we can execute instructions directly
and freely. These interpreters executes the program line by line. This Interpretation of a
language gives many additional flexibility over compiled implementations like,
platform independence, dynamic scoping, dynamic typing etc.
Example:
o
Python
o
Ruby
o
Perl
o
Pascal
o
Lisp
o
BASIC
o
APL
3. Scripting
Languages:
The Scripting languages are programming languages that control an application. These Scripts which can be executed independently over any other application. They
are widely used in the application that they control and are used in
automation of many projects or processes.
Example:
o
PHP
o
VBScript
o
Windows
PowerShell
o
F-Script
o
BeanShell
o
AutoIt
o
R
o
Game
Maker Language
4. Markup
Languages:
A markup language is an artificial language that used for annotating a document
so that it is syntactically distinguishable from the text, the text that define
how the text is to be displayed.
Example:
o
HTML
o
XML
o
XHTML
o
SGML
o
Curl
5. Procedural
Languages:
Procedural (imperative) programming implies specifying the steps that the
programs should take to reach to an intended state. A procedure is a set of instructions that can be referenced through a procedure call only. This
help in the reuse of code. These types of programming makes the programs
structured and easily traceable for program flow.
Example:
o
HyperTalk
o
Go
o
PL/C
o
PL/I
o
MATLAB
o
Curl
o
Mathematical
o
MATLAB
6. Functional
Languages:
Functional programming languages define every computation as a mathematical
evaluation. They focus on the application of functions.Some of these functional
programming languages are pure functional language but many so-called
functional languages are impure, containing imperative features, they are not
pure function languages.
Example:
o
Pure
Functional
o
Agda
o
SAC
o
SASL
o
Cuneiform
o
Curry
o
Futhark
o
Haskell
7. Impure
Functional languages:
o
APL
o
C++
(since C++11)
o
C#
o
VB.NET
o
Ceylon
o
Kotlin
o
Lisp
o
Clojure
o
JScript
o
PHP
o
Python
8. Logic-based
Programming Languages:
The Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm which is largely based on
formal logic. These logic -based programming languages are set of sentences in logical form,
which express facts and rules about a problem domain.
Example:
o
Prolog
o
ROOP
o
ALF
o
Alma-0
o
Curry
o
Fril
o
Janus
9. Object-Oriented
Languages:
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a high-level programming paradigm based on
the concept of “objects”, which may contain data, in the form of fields, often
known as attributes. In Object-oriented programming OOP, computer programs binds related data and functions
into an object and implements objects and their associated procedures to create
software programs.
Example:
o
Scala
o
C++
o
Java
o
Python
o
C#
o
Ruby
o
Scala
10. Data Flow languages:
Data Flow programming languages rely on representing the flow of data. In these data flow languages, a stream of data gets passed from instruction to instruction
for execution. These Conditional executions jumps the data and in procedure calls,
it routes the data to a different location.
Examples:
o
Analytica
o
BMDFM
o
Hartmann
pipelines
o
Lucid
o
Max
o
Oz
o
Prograph
o
Pure
Data
11. Embeddable
languages:
It is mainly dynamic scripting and programming language. That can be also used as
a platform-independent general-purpose programming language. Embedded languages
are of two types:
1.
Server
Side
2.
Client
Side
3.
Server-side
§ PHP
§ VBScript
§ SMX
§ Tcl
§ WebDNA
4.
Client side
§ ActionScript
§ JavaScript
§ VBScript
12. Machine
languages:
These languages are directly executable by a compute Central Processing Unit. These Machine languages are typically coded in bit patterns, represented in octal or
hexadecimal forms.
Example:
o
ARM
o
DEC
o
x86
o
IBM
System/360
o
MIPS
o
Sun,
Oracle SPARC
13. System
languages:
These are for low-level languages used in memory management or task management. These system programming language generally used for system programming, for
example, languages designed for writing system software, usually require
different approaches of development compared to application software.
Example:
o
Ada
o
Nim
o
Rust
o
Swift
o
ESPOL
14. Concurrent
Languages:
These languages are constructed for concurrency in Message passing languages.
For example, Java shows shared-memory concurrency.
Example:
o
Go
o
Java
o
Julia
o
clojure
o
Scala
15. Multiparadigm
languages:
These types of languages support more than one programming languages or
programming paradigm. These languages allow using more than one
programming style. Because no specific language solves all the problems in the easiest
or efficient that’s why we use Multiparadigm languages.
Example:
o
Ada
o
APL
o
BETA
o
C++
o
C#
o
Cobra
16. Extension
languages:
These languages are used as an extension to other languages. The Extension
programming languages are embedded into another program and used to harness its
features in extension scripts.
Example:
o
AutoLISP
o
BeanShell
o
Perl
o
Pike
o
Ruby
17. Iterative
languages :
These languages are built around or offering generators.
Example:
o
Aldor
o
Alphard
o
PHP
o
CLU
o
Cobra
18. Hardware
description languages:
These programming languages are used in electronics, a hardware description
language or HDL is used to describe the structure, design, and operation of
electronic circuits or digital logic circuits. Among these various most popular and
well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are Verilog and VHDL.
Example:
o
Analog
circuit’s HDLs:
§ Verilog-AMS
§ VHDL-AMS
o
Digital
circuit’s HDLs
§ Advanced Boolean Expression
Language(ABEL)
§ Altera Hardware Description
Language(AHDL)
§ Bluespec
§ Lava
§ ELLA
19. Visual
languages:
In Visual Languages users can specify programs in a 2-D or more way instead
one-dimensional (text strings) in visual languages we use graphical elements
and figures to develop a program.
Example:
o
Analytica
o
Blockly
o
DRAKON
o
Fabrik
o
Scratch
o
Simulink
o
Spreadsheets
20. List-based
languages:
List-based languages are based on the list data structure.
Example:
o
Lisp
o
Arc
o
Clojure
o
R
o
Dylan
o
Joy
21. Synchronous
languages:
These programming languages are used in programming reactive systems which can be defined as the system which gets interrupted and respond
instantly. Among These systems some are also called real-time systems and are used
widely.
Example:
o
Argus
o
Averest
o
Esterel
o
Lustre
o
Signal
22. Macro
languages:
These languages are used to transform one source code file into another. The Macro
is a short piece of text which can expand into a larger one. These Macro languages
are often used to preprocess the source code. Preprocessors supply facilities
like file inclusion etc.
Example:
o
cpp
(the C preprocessor)
o
m4
o
ML/I
(general purpose macro processor)
23. Query
languages:
These languages are used in databases and information systems to make
queries.
Example:
o
SQL
o
XPath
o
AQL
o
PQL
o
XQuery
24. Metaprogramming
languages:
Metaprogramming is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other
programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that
is otherwise done at run time during compile time.
Example:
o
C++
o
CWIC
o
Curl
o
D
o
eC
o
Emacs
Lisp
o
Elixir
o
F#
25. Rule-based
languages:
The Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of
data. Someof these sets which get selected and the statements which belonged to those
rules get executed.
Example:
o
awk
o
CLIPS
o
Constraint
Handling Rules
o
Drools
o
Jess
o
OPS5
o
Prolog
26. Numerical
analysis Languages:
In Numerical analysis we analyzes and implements algorithms for numerical
solutions to solve huge problems of realistic mathematical models involving
continuous variables. The following programming languages are used in Numerical
Analysis.
Example:
o
Mathematical
o
MATLAB
o
PROSE
o
R
27. Syntax
handling languages:
These languages assist with generating lexical analyzers and parsers for
context-free grammars.Example:
o
ANTLR
o
Coco/R
(EBNF with semantics)
o
GNU
bison (FSF’s version of Yacc)
o
GNU
Flex (FSF version of Lex)
o
lex
(Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
o
Parsing
expression grammar (PEG)
28. Non-English-based
languages:
There are several programming languages which are developed in different
language other than the English language. The language is not a barrier in this
case.
o
Chinese
BASIC – Chinese
o
Fjölnir
– Icelandic
o
Language
Symbolique d’Enseignement – French
o
Lexico
– Spanish
o
Rapira
– Russian
o
ChaScript-Bengali
o
ezhil-Tamil
29. XML-based
languages:
These languages are used to transfer XML documents to into human readable
format.
o
Ant
o
C?
o
XPath
o
XQuery
o
XProc
A Programming languages is the formal language, with a set of instructions
which provides the desired output. For implementation of these languages various algorithms in our
machines were started using these Programming languages. Theset of specific
instructions are used in programmable machines or general programming
languages. The Computer programming languages are used to communicate with a
computer. Each Programming language is based on certain syntactic
and semantic rules.
Computers only work with digital representation they only understand the presence
of a 0 or 1 as off or on,to communicate with the computers we have to give
the instruction in Binary which is nearly impossible. That is where comes the
programming language to save us, we wrote the instructions in English following
some general syntactical rules of a programming language and later this
transformed into the machine code by some process and tells the computer to do
some specific operation and produce a desired output.
Every day the rising demands for computing power and productivity was the
key factor for the development of more powerful, cheaper, and faster business
machines, supercomputers, and various programmed devices. With the variety of
applications and types of computers, every time there arises a need for
specific programming languages to complete specific tasks. A complete list of all types of programming languages is given below. The strict classification scheme for of programming languages is not possible. Thus, a
language as an example of more than one programming language.
Let’s Understand these programming languages one by one in a comprehensive way. As you know the list is
very large so it is impossible to discuss all of these in detail. So Here I’m
writing the brief introduction with example for all of these various
programming languages.
1. Compiled
Languages:
A compiled language is a programming language in which we use a compiler to
compile and execute our code. These compilers are generally translators that
generate machine level code from our written source code.
Example:
o
C
o
C++
o
C#
o
ALGOL
o
Cobol
o
Fortran
o
Java
o
Visual
Basic
o
Smalltalk
2. Interpreted
Languages:
An interpreted language is a programming language in which without compiling a
program into machine-language instructions we can execute instructions directly
and freely. These interpreters executes the program line by line. This Interpretation of a
language gives many additional flexibility over compiled implementations like,
platform independence, dynamic scoping, dynamic typing etc.
Example:
o
Python
o
Ruby
o
Perl
o
Pascal
o
Lisp
o
BASIC
o
APL
3. Scripting
Languages:
The Scripting languages are programming languages that control an application. These Scripts which can be executed independently over any other application. They
are widely used in the application that they control and are used in
automation of many projects or processes.
Example:
o
PHP
o
VBScript
o
Windows
PowerShell
o
F-Script
o
BeanShell
o
AutoIt
o
R
o
Game
Maker Language
4. Markup
Languages:
A markup language is an artificial language that used for annotating a document
so that it is syntactically distinguishable from the text, the text that define
how the text is to be displayed.
Example:
o
HTML
o
XML
o
XHTML
o
SGML
o
Curl
5. Procedural
Languages:
Procedural (imperative) programming implies specifying the steps that the
programs should take to reach to an intended state. A procedure is a set of instructions that can be referenced through a procedure call only. This
help in the reuse of code. These types of programming makes the programs
structured and easily traceable for program flow.
Example:
o
HyperTalk
o
Go
o
PL/C
o
PL/I
o
MATLAB
o
Curl
o
Mathematical
o
MATLAB
6. Functional
Languages:
Functional programming languages define every computation as a mathematical
evaluation. They focus on the application of functions.Some of these functional
programming languages are pure functional language but many so-called
functional languages are impure, containing imperative features, they are not
pure function languages.
Example:
o
Pure
Functional
o
Agda
o
SAC
o
SASL
o
Cuneiform
o
Curry
o
Futhark
o
Haskell
7. Impure
Functional languages:
o
APL
o
C++
(since C++11)
o
C#
o
VB.NET
o
Ceylon
o
Kotlin
o
Lisp
o
Clojure
o
JScript
o
PHP
o
Python
8. Logic-based
Programming Languages:
The Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm which is largely based on
formal logic. These logic -based programming languages are set of sentences in logical form,
which express facts and rules about a problem domain.
Example:
o
Prolog
o
ROOP
o
ALF
o
Alma-0
o
Curry
o
Fril
o
Janus
9. Object-Oriented
Languages:
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a high-level programming paradigm based on
the concept of “objects”, which may contain data, in the form of fields, often
known as attributes. In Object-oriented programming OOP, computer programs binds related data and functions
into an object and implements objects and their associated procedures to create
software programs.
Example:
o
Scala
o
C++
o
Java
o
Python
o
C#
o
Ruby
o
Scala
10. Data Flow languages:
Data Flow programming languages rely on representing the flow of data. In these data flow languages, a stream of data gets passed from instruction to instruction
for execution. These Conditional executions jumps the data and in procedure calls,
it routes the data to a different location.
Examples:
o
Analytica
o
BMDFM
o
Hartmann
pipelines
o
Lucid
o
Max
o
Oz
o
Prograph
o
Pure
Data
11. Embeddable
languages:
It is mainly dynamic scripting and programming language. That can be also used as
a platform-independent general-purpose programming language. Embedded languages
are of two types:
1.
Server
Side
2.
Client
Side
3.
Server-side
§ PHP
§ VBScript
§ SMX
§ Tcl
§ WebDNA
4.
Client side
§ ActionScript
§ JavaScript
§ VBScript
12. Machine
languages:
These languages are directly executable by a compute Central Processing Unit. These Machine languages are typically coded in bit patterns, represented in octal or
hexadecimal forms.
Example:
o
ARM
o
DEC
o
x86
o
IBM
System/360
o
MIPS
o
Sun,
Oracle SPARC
13. System
languages:
These are for low-level languages used in memory management or task management. These system programming language generally used for system programming, for
example, languages designed for writing system software, usually require
different approaches of development compared to application software.
Example:
o
Ada
o
Nim
o
Rust
o
Swift
o
ESPOL
14. Concurrent
Languages:
These languages are constructed for concurrency in Message passing languages.
For example, Java shows shared-memory concurrency.
Example:
o
Go
o
Java
o
Julia
o
clojure
o Scala
15. Multiparadigm
languages:
These types of languages support more than one programming languages or
programming paradigm. These languages allow using more than one
programming style. Because no specific language solves all the problems in the easiest
or efficient that’s why we use Multiparadigm languages.
Example:
o
Ada
o
APL
o
BETA
o
C++
o
C#
o
Cobra
16. Extension
languages:
These languages are used as an extension to other languages. The Extension
programming languages are embedded into another program and used to harness its
features in extension scripts.
Example:
o
AutoLISP
o
BeanShell
o
Perl
o
Pike
o
Ruby
17. Iterative
languages :
These languages are built around or offering generators.
Example:
o
Aldor
o
Alphard
o
PHP
o
CLU
o
Cobra
18. Hardware
description languages:
These programming languages are used in electronics, a hardware description
language or HDL is used to describe the structure, design, and operation of
electronic circuits or digital logic circuits. Among these various most popular and
well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are Verilog and VHDL.
Example:
o
Analog
circuit’s HDLs:
§ Verilog-AMS
§ VHDL-AMS
o
Digital
circuit’s HDLs
§ Advanced Boolean Expression
Language(ABEL)
§ Altera Hardware Description
Language(AHDL)
§ Bluespec
§ Lava
§ ELLA
19. Visual
languages:
In Visual Languages users can specify programs in a 2-D or more way instead
one-dimensional (text strings) in visual languages we use graphical elements
and figures to develop a program.
Example:
o
Analytica
o
Blockly
o
DRAKON
o
Fabrik
o
Scratch
o
Simulink
o
Spreadsheets
20. List-based
languages:
List-based languages are based on the list data structure.
Example:
o
Lisp
o
Arc
o
Clojure
o
R
o
Dylan
o
Joy
21. Synchronous
languages:
These programming languages are used in programming reactive systems which can be defined as the system which gets interrupted and respond
instantly. Among These systems some are also called real-time systems and are used
widely.
Example:
o
Argus
o
Averest
o
Esterel
o
Lustre
o
Signal
22. Macro
languages:
These languages are used to transform one source code file into another. The Macro
is a short piece of text which can expand into a larger one. These Macro languages
are often used to preprocess the source code. Preprocessors supply facilities
like file inclusion etc.
Example:
o
cpp
(the C preprocessor)
o
m4
o
ML/I
(general purpose macro processor)
23. Query
languages:
These languages are used in databases and information systems to make
queries.
Example:
o
SQL
o
XPath
o
AQL
o
PQL
o
XQuery
24. Metaprogramming
languages:
Metaprogramming is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other
programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that
is otherwise done at run time during compile time.
Example:
o
C++
o
CWIC
o
Curl
o
D
o
eC
o
Emacs
Lisp
o
Elixir
o
F#
25. Rule-based
languages:
The Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of
data. Someof these sets which get selected and the statements which belonged to those
rules get executed.
Example:
o
awk
o
CLIPS
o
Constraint
Handling Rules
o
Drools
o
Jess
o
OPS5
o
Prolog
26. Numerical
analysis Languages:
In Numerical analysis we analyzes and implements algorithms for numerical
solutions to solve huge problems of realistic mathematical models involving
continuous variables. The following programming languages are used in Numerical
Analysis.
Example:
o
Mathematical
o
MATLAB
o
PROSE
o
R
27. Syntax
handling languages:
These languages assist with generating lexical analyzers and parsers for
context-free grammars.Example:
o
ANTLR
o
Coco/R
(EBNF with semantics)
o
GNU
bison (FSF’s version of Yacc)
o
GNU
Flex (FSF version of Lex)
o
lex
(Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
o
Parsing
expression grammar (PEG)
28. Non-English-based
languages:
There are several programming languages which are developed in different
language other than the English language. The language is not a barrier in this
case.
o
Chinese
BASIC – Chinese
o
Fjölnir
– Icelandic
o
Language
Symbolique d’Enseignement – French
o
Lexico
– Spanish
o
Rapira
– Russian
o
ChaScript-Bengali
o
ezhil-Tamil
29. XML-based
languages:
These languages are used to transfer XML documents to into human readable
format.
o
Ant
o
C?
o
XPath
o
XQuery
o
XProc
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