COAL AND PETROLEUM

JKBOSE Solutions for Class 8 Science

JKBOSE  Solutions for Class 8 Science :

 JKBOSE solutions have been provided below to aid the students with answering the questions correctly, using a logical approach and methodology. The solutions provide best and smartest material to enable students to form a good base and improve the fundamentals of the subject. 

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JKBOSE Solutions for Class 8 Science

The links below provide the detailed solutions for JKBOSE science class 8 textbook.

JKBOSE Solutions for Class 8 Science

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CHAPTER               2    COAL AND PETROLEUM

 

RESOURCES

Anything that help us to execute our desired goals are resources. And they are a kind of supply that can be drawn on by a person or organisation in order to function and execute plans and projects. They can be in the form of money, material, staff, energy, expertise, time and management, among other things.

Things that has utility and adds value to your life. Air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, metals, and everything else that exists in nature and has utility to mankind is a ‘Resource’. The value of resource depends  on its utility and other factors. For example, metals are gold, silver, copper or bronze have economic value; i.e. they can be exchanged for money. The mountains, rivers, sea or forests are also resources but they do not have economic value.

 

 

TYPES OF RESOURCES

They can be devide on various basis suc as On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic and the basis of exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-renewable.On the basis of ownership: Individual (Personal), Community, National and International and  On the basis of status and development: Potential, Developed, Reserve and Stock.

 

Biotic Resources are obtained from the biosphere. They have life or are living resources, e.g., human beings, fisheries, forests, etc.

Abiotic Resources include all non-living things, e.g., rocks and minerals.

 

 

Resources are characterized as renewable or non-renewable; a renewable resource can replenish itself at the rate it is used, while a non-renewable resource has a limited supply. The Renewable resources include timber, wind, and solar while the non-renewable resources include coal and natural gas. These are also called inexhaustible and exhaustible resources respectively.

 

COAL

 

Coal is black hard stone like combustible material which is known as "Black Diamond". This is a fossil fuel which was formed millions of years ago when giant fern and swamps got buried under the layers of the earth. Coal is therefore referred to as "Buried sunshine".

 

Formation of coal

 

Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. this process is called fossilization or carbonisation and is the process of changing or being changed into carbon, by burning, heating, or during fossilization (= the process of being preserved in rock over a long period): Blackening or charring is carbonization.

 

 

Types of coal

 

On the basis of presence of carbon content and heat produced coal is divided into four major groups as anthracite(86%-97%), bituminous (45%-86%), subbituminous (35%-45%), and lignite (25%-35%).

 

Coal is processed in industry to get useful products sucha as

A. Coke  

A hard porous black substance used in manufacturing of steel and extraction of metals.

It is a pure carbon.

B. Coal Tar

It is black thick liquid with unpleased smell. It is made of many substances which when obtained are used for manufacturing of many useful substances like drugs, explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints etc.

C. Coal Gas

It is a mixture of gases (chiefly hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide) obtained by the destructive distillation of coal and formerly used for lighting and heating.

 

PETROLEUM

 

Petroleum, also called crude oil, is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth's surface that can be refined into fuel. A fossil fuel, petroleum is created by the decomposition of organic matter over time and used as fuel to power vehicles, heating units, and machines, and can be converted into plastics.

Petroleum is mainly a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. containing only carbon and hydrogen. The most common components are alkanes (paraffins), cycloalkanes (naphthenes), and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Basic Composition of Petroleum

Compounds	%age
Carbon                      Hydrogen                  Sulfur                          Nitrogen                    Oxygen                      Metals	84 to 87% 11 to 14% 0.06 to 2%  0.1 to 2%  0.1 to 0.2%  0 to 0.14%

 

 

TYPES OF PETROLEUM

 

There are many kinds of petroleum such as crude oil, natural gas, and bitumen.

 

OIL REFINERY

A crude oil refinery is a group of industrial facilities that turns crude oil and other inputs into finished petroleum products. A refinery's capacity refers to the maximum amount of crude oil designed to flow into the distillation unit of a refinery, also known as the crude unit.

 

Crude oil is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons, and the distillation process aims to separate this crude oil into broad categories of its component hydrocarbons, or "fractions." Crude oil is first heated and then put into a distillation column, also known as a still, where different products boil off and are recovered at different temperatures.

 

Lighter products, such as butane and other liquid petroleum gases (LPG), gasoline blending components, and naphtha, are recovered at the lowest temperatures. Mid-range products include jet fuel, kerosene, and distillates (such as home heating oil and diesel fuel). The heaviest products such as residual fuel oil are recovered at temperatures sometimes over 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

 

 

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Let us look into the examples of petroleum products obtained from petroleum:-

 

Fuels

Gasoline

Kerosene

Liquefied natural gas

Liquefied petroleum gas

Butane

Diesel fuel

Fuel oil

Propane

Other Products

 

Paraffin

 wax

Petroleum jelly

Petroleum wax

Microcrystalline wax

Napalm

Naphthalene

Refined asphalt

Refined bitumen etc.

 

 

CHAPTER 2        TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

Question 1. What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?
Answer: The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels are:

They burn with a smokeless flame and so does not cause any pollution.

They leave no ash on burning.

They are easy to handle and convenient to store.

Question 2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.
Answer: Bitumen

Question 3. Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?
Answer: Millions of years ago, trees, plants, ferns and forests got buried below the rocks, soil and sand due to natural processes like flooding, earthquake, etc. Slowly, as more soil deposited over them, they were compressed. This led to the conditions of high pressure and heat. These conditions along with the anaerobic conditions turned the carbon-enriched organic matter of wood into coal.
This slow process of conversion of wood into coal is called carbonisation.

Question 4. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Fossils fuels are ____ , ____ and ____
(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called ______
(c) Least polluting fuel for vehicle is ______
Answer: (a) coal, petroleum, natural gas (b) refining  (c) CNG

Question 5. Tick True/False against the following statements.
(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory.
(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol.
(c) Coke is an almost pure form of carbon.
(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances.
(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel.
Answer:    (a) False     (b) False      (c) True     (d) True       (e) False

Question 6.  Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.
Answer: Fossil fuels take millions of years to be formed. They are limited in nature and cannot be replenished easily, once consumed. Hence, they are considered as exhaustible natural resources.

Question 7. Describe the characteristics and uses of coke.
Answer: Characteristics of coke: Coke is 98% pure carbon. It is a tough, porous and black substance. It pro-duces a very little smoke.
Uses of coke: Coke is very useful as fuel. It is a good reducing agent. It is widely used in metallurgical processes to reduce metals from their oxides. It is used for producing water gas.

Question 8. Explain the process of the formation of petroleum.
Answer: Petroleum is formed by the burial of aquatic plants and animals below the sea bed. The marine animals and plants died thousands of years ago and settled down in the bottom of sea. In anaerobic conditions, microorganisms decompose this organic matter. Due to high pressure and heat, the dead remains of tiny plants and animals were slowly converted into petroleum.

Question 9. The following table shows the total power shortage in India from 2004-2010. Show the data in the form of a graph. Piet shortage percentage for the years on the y-axis and the year on the x-axis.

S. No.	Year	Shortage (%)
1	2004	7.8
2	2005	8.6
3	2006	9.0
4	2007	9.5
5	2008	9.9
6	2009	11.2
7	2010	10.0

Answer:

Activities Solved

Activity 1  Make a list of various materials used by us in daily life and classify them as natural and man-made.
Solution:

Natural	Man-made
Air	Clothes
Sunlight	Plastics
Water	Fan
Minerals	Cement
Forests	Cosmetics

Activity 2 
Take some containers. Fill them with popcorn/peanuts/roasted gram/tof¬fees. Divide students into groups of seven each. Further divide each group into three subgroups containing 1, 2 and 4 students. Label them as first, second and third generation respectively.
These sub-groups represent the consumers. As population is growing, second and third generations have larger number of consumers.
Put one full container for each group on a table. Ask consumers of the first generation from each group to consume eatables from the container of their group. Now, ask the second generation consumers from each group to do the same. Ask students to observe carefully the availability of eatables in each container. If something is left in the containers, ask third generation from each group to consume it. Now, finally observe whether all the consumers of the third generation got the eatables or not. Also observe if anything is still left in any of the containers.
Solution:
Students should perform this activity themselves in their classroom.

Extra questions

Question 1.
Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.
Answer: Bitumen.

Question 2. What is the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal called ?
Answer:Ca rbonisation.

Question 3. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources. []
Answer:  Fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources because they will be exhausted by human activities as they are limited in nature.

Question 4. What are natural resources ?
Answer:  Material obtained from nature are called natural resources.

Question 5. Classify the following as exhaustible and inexhaustible natural resources- air, sunlight, water, forests, wildlife, coal.
Answer: Exhaustible resources – forests, wildlife, coal
                Inexhaustible resources – air, sunlight, water.

Question 6. Define carbonisation.
Answer: The slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation.

Question 7. What name is given to the process of heating a substance in absence of air ?
Answer:  Destructive Distillation.

Question 10. How is coke obtained ?
Answer:  Coke is obtained by heating coal in the absence of air.

Question 11. How is coal tar formed ?
Answer: When destructive distillation of coal is done, the vapours which condense in the water form coal tar.

Question 12. Why is petroleum called a fossil fuel ?
Answer: Petroleum is called a fossil fuel as it is obtained from the bodies of dead organisms.

Question 13. How is natural gas formed ?
Answer: Natural gas is formed below the earth’s surface. It is formed above the petroleum.

Question 14. Define destructive distillation. Name the residue formed by destructive distillation of coal.
Answer: Destructive distillation is the process of heating a substance in absence of air. Coke is formed by destructive distillation of coal.

Question 15. What is meant by refining of petroleum and where is it done ?
Answer: The process of separating the different fractions of petroleum is known as refining and it is carried out in a refinery.

Question 16. Give two uses of diesel.
Answer: Diesel is used as fuel for heavy motor vehicles and in electric generators.

Question 17. How can petrol be used ?
Answer: Petrol can be used as a motor fuel, aviation fuel and as solvent for dry cleaning.

Question 18. How can bitumen be used ?
Answer: Bitumen can be used for making paints and for surfacing the roads.

Question 19. Why is petroleum also known as ‘black gold’ ?
Answer: Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is known as ‘black gold’.

Question 20. Can we make coal and petroleum in the laboratory from dead organisms ?
Answer: No, their formation is a very slow process and conditions for their formation cannot be reached in the laboratory.

Question 21. Give two disadvantages of using fossil fuels.
Answer: Fossil fuels cause air pollution and global warming.

Question 22. Why should the fossil fuels be used with care ?
Answer: If we use fossil fuels carefully, it will result in better environment, less risk of global warming and they will be available for a longer period.

Question 23.
What is meant by fractional distillation ? What is the principle on which it is based ?
Answer: Petroleum is mixture of various hydrocarbons having different boiling points. As the number of carbon atoms increase, the boiling point also increases. This property is used to separate the different components of petroleum and is known as fractional distillation.

Question 24. Name some places in India where natural gas has been found.
Answer: In India natural gas is found in Tripura, Jaisalmer and in the offshore of Mumbai and in Krishna Godavari delta.

Question 25. Give two advantages of judicious use of energy ?
Answer: The advantages of judicious use of energy are :

It will delay the energy crisis.

It will give the scientists more time to develop more efficient alternate sources of energy.

Question 26. Define the term fossil fuel. Name two fossil fuels.
Answer: Fossil fuels are formed from dead remains of living matter over millions of years when they remained buried under the earth. Coal and petroleum are two fossil fuels.

Question 27. State one use of each of the following :  Charcoal , Bone Charcoal , Coke.

Answer:   Charcoal : Fuel.

                  Bone Charcoal : Purification of brown coloured sugarcane juice in the manufacture of sugar.

                  Coke : Used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals.

Question 28. Name the products obtained when coal is heated in the absence of air.

Write any two uses of its products.

Answer: Coke is formed when coal is heated in absence of air.

Coke is used :  As a fuel. As a reducing agent in the extraction of metals.

Question 29. (a) Give the full form of (i) LPG (ii) CNG.
(b) How is petroleum gas obtained ?
Answer:  (a) (i) LPG — Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
                       (ii) CNG — Compressed Natural Gas.
(b) Petroleum gas is obtained during fractional distillation of petroleum.

Question 30. Draw diagram to show petroleum and natural gas deposit.
Answer:

Question 31. What are ‘Petrochemicals’ ? Give the uses of petrochemicals obtained from petroleum.
Answer: Petrochemicals are useful substances obtained from petroleum. They are used in the manufacture of detergents, fibres, polyethylene and other plastics.

Question 32. Name some places where natural gas is found in India. How many reserves are of natural gas ?
Answer: In India, natural gas has been formed in Tripura, in the Krishna Godavari delta. In India, there are over 100 billion cubic metre reserves of natural gas.

Question 33. Describe characteristics and uses of coke.
Answer: Characteristics of coke are :  it is tough. it is porous , it is pure form of carbon.

Question 34. What is CNG ? Give its one use.

Answer: CNG — Compressed Natural Gas. It is used as a fuel.

Question 35. From which natural substance are liquid fuels formed ?

Answer: All liquid fuels are formed from petroleum.

Question 36. Which gas is the main constituent of LPG ?

Answer: Butane is the main constituent of LPG.

Question 37. How was petroleum formed in nature ?

Answer: Petroleum was formed by the sedimentation of dead remains of microscopic marine plants and animals, which were buried under the surface of the earth, millions of years ago.

Question 38.  Why do green leaves not catch fire easily ?

Answer: Green leaves do not catch fire easily because they contain moisture.

Question 39. How have fossil fuels been formed ?

Answer: They have been formed by decomposition of pre-historic plants and animals buried under the Earth’s crust millions of years ago.

Question 40. Why are fossil fuels non-renewable sources of energy ?

Answer: Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy because once exhausted they cannot be re-created in a short period of time.

Question 41. Why is smelling agent added to LPG ?

Answer: Smelling agent is added to LPG to detect the leakage of gas as LPG is colourless and odourless gas.

Question 42. Give one reason why LPG is a better fuel than coal.

Answer: LPG is a better fuel than coal because : It does not cause pollution. It has high calorific value. It has low ignition temperature. (Any one)

Question 43. Give one advantage of modem chullah over traditional chullah. [DAV 2006]

Answer: Advantages of Modem Chullah over Traditional Chullah :  High efficiency.Causes less pollution. Consumes less fuel.

Question 44. The following table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991-1997. Show the data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for the years on Y-axis and the year on the X-axis.

S. No.	Year	Shortage (% age)
1	1991	7.9
2	1992	7.8
3	1993	8.3
4	1994	7.4
5	1995	7.1
6	1996	9.2
7	1997	11.5

Answer:

Question 45. Name the agency in India who advises people how to save petrol/diesel. What tips are given by them ?
Answer: In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) advises people how to save petrol/diesel while driving.
Their tips are :

Drive at a constant and moderate speed.

Switch off the engine at traffic lights.

Ensure correct tyre pressure.

Ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.

Question 46. Draw a labelled diagram showing the fractional distillation of petroleum. Give the uses of any three fractions.
Answer:

Uses: Petrol is used as motor fuel, airation fuel and as solvent for dry cleaning. Kerosene is used as fuel at home and in jet aircrafts. Diesel is used as fuel for heavy motor vehicles and electric generators.

Question 47. Wind, sun and hydropower are
(a) renewable      (b) non-renewable    (c) synthetic sources    (d) none of these .
Answer: (a)

Question 48.The unit of calorific value of combustion of fuels is
(a) kilojoule        (b) joule       (c) kilojoule/kilogram      (d) kilogram
Answer:  (c)

Question 49. A brownish-black sedimentary rock is known as
(a) charcoal         (b) coke       (c) coal          (d) coal tar
Answer: (c)

Question 4.  Peat is a type of
(a) charcoal     (b) coke    (c) coal    (d) none of these
Answer:  (c)

Question 50.  The most pure form of carbon fuel is
(a) coal       (b) coke     (c) charcoal     (d) coal gas
Answer: (b)

Question 51. The fossil fuel found below the sea is
(a) petrol      (b) petroleum    (c) kerosene    (d) diesel
Answer: (b)

Question 52. ‘Black gold’ is another name for
(a) coal     (b) coke  (c) charcoal   (d) petroleum
Answer: (d)

Question 53. The white semi-solid fraction of petroleum used for making vaseline is
(a) asphalt   (b) lubricating oil  (c) paraffin wax  (d) fuel oil
Answer:  (c)

Question 54. Out of the following, which fuel is best used in the homes ?
(a) Wood     (b) CNG     (c) LPG      (d) Kerosene oil
Answer: (c)

 

Class 8 Science Chapter 1 

Microorganisms: Friends and Foe

This chapter manages destructive and valuable kinds of microbes and their significance in different areas. The places where microorganisms live, microorganisms and us, harmful microorganisms, food preservation, nitrogen fixation, and nitrogen cycle are a portion of the primary topics covered in this chapter.

Class 8 Science Chapter 2 

Coal and Petroleum

Coal and petroleum manage the two most imperative fuels ever found by humankind. The chapter additionally explains natural gas and how the characteristics assets are getting depleted because of huge and uncontrolled usage.

Class 8 Science Chapter 3 

Conservation of Plants and Animals

Conservation of plants and animals is a critical subject of science. This part will push the students to not just to understand the human exercise that negatively affects the nature’s abundance yet in addition to manners by which they can ensure the fauna and flora of the ecosystem.

Class 8 Science Chapter 4 

Reproduction in Animals

It explains the modes and procedure of reproduction in creatures. It is fundamental for the continuation of a species. In this chapter, u will figure out how reproduction happens in animals is talked about in detail.

Class 8 Science Chapter 5 

Sound

Sound talks about the distinction between music and noise. Noise pollution, its causes, impacts, and control measures are explained towards the finish off the chapter. This chapter will strengthen your base for future complex topics.

Class 8 Science Chapter 6

Food Production and Management

This chapter explains rural practices related to the creation of yield and their administration.It includes the presentation of various harvest, their climatic and nourishing necessities and the preparation of soil for comprehensive improvement of the crops 

Class 8 Science Chapter 7 

Combustion and Flame

In this chapter, you will learn about different sorts of fuels are utilized for a different purpose at home, in industry and for running autos. Powers like cow dung, wood, coal, charcoal, petroleum, diesel, packed gaseous petrol (CNG) and so on are known to the students. In combustion and flame, the chemical procedure of burning and the sorts of flames created amid this procedure are considered in detail.

Class 8 Science Chapter 8 

Chemical Effects of Electric Current

In this chapter, we will discover that metals, for example, copper and aluminum conducts electricity while materials, for example, rubber, plastic, and wood don’t conduct electricity.

Class 8 Science Chapter 9 

Force and Pressure

This chapter will take the students through the brilliant world of force and pressure. It will push them to build u uphold of the point as well as ace the ideas that will assist them with performing better.

Class 8 Science Chapter 10 

Reaching the Age of Adolescence

In this chapter, the student will find out about changed that happen in the human body after which an individual ends up fitting for reproduction.in this chapter we will learn about the human conceptive organs and the role of hormones in the development of an individual.

Class 8 Science Chapter 11

Materials: Metals and Non-metals

This chapter explains the world of metals, non-metals, their properties, and employment. This section will assist the students with classifying the components into metals and non-metals based on their properties. Physical properties of metals and non-metals, chemical properties of metals and non-metals, use of metals and non-metals are a portion of the vital topics talked about in this chapter. 

Class 8 Science Chapter 12

Light

Light talks about the key properties, impacts, and utilization of light and its subordinates. This chapter also gives information about regular reflection, diffused reflection, laws of reflection, etc.

 

Class 8 Science Chapter 13 

 Pollution of Air and Water

This chapter addresses the solution for the unsafe wonder of pollution and how might one add to its decrease in the individual dimension. Air pollution, how does air get polluted are some of the significant topics discussed in this chapter.

Class 8 Science Chapter 14

Friction

It is an essential section of physics that manages the backing off or opposition of movement. Its causes, impacts, applications and other key properties are talked about in his chapter.

 

Class 8 Science Chapter 15 

Stars and Solar System

This chapter explains about the celestial objects. Position of those objects, their structure and centrality are portrayed in this chapter. This part also discusses the moon, periods of the moon its situation in the planetary system and surface of the moon.

Class 8 Science Chapter 16

Cell: Structure and Functions

It explains the inside and out information about the major unit of life -cell. It enlightens the students regarding the discovery of the cell, its inclination, properties, and composition

 

Class 8 Science Chapter 17 

Some Natural Phenomenon

This chapter throws light on the wonderful phenomenon of nature, for example, lightning and earthquake. Causes, impacts, magnitude and properties of lightning are discussed in this chapter.